Advanced vapour sensing materials: Existing and latent to acoustic wave sensors for VOCs detection as the potential exhaled breath biomarkers for lung cancer

A critical review of vapour-sensing layers for QCM and surface acoustic wave sensors aimed at the volatile organic compounds in exhaled breath that may signal lung cancer, usually diagnosed late. It compares metal oxides, polymers, biopolymers and composites, and the criteria, such as resonance frequency and sensitivity, used to judge these sensors against bulky GC–MS analysis.