A novel exposure system termed NAVETTA for in vitro laminar flow electrodeposition of nanoaerosol and evaluation of immune effects in human lung reporter cells

NAVETTA, a flatbed exposure chamber that deposits engineered nanoparticles from a laminar, electrostatically assisted aerosol flow onto human lung A549 cells at the air–liquid interface. With inverted transwells it reaches much higher deposition than standard set-ups; one hour of copper oxide exposure triggered IL-8 and NF-κB responses, with toxicity from both dissolved and particulate copper.