# Unraveling the GM1 Specificity of Galectin-1 Binding to Lipid Membranes

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- Authors: Federica Scollo, Waldemar Kulig, Gabriele Nicita, Anna‐Kristin Ludwig, Joana C. Ricardo, Valeria Zito, Peter Kapusta, Ilpo Vattulainen, Marek Cebecauer, Hans‐Joachim Gabius, Herbert Kaltner, Giuseppe Maccarrone, Martin Hof
- Journal: ACS Bio & Med Chem Au
- Year: 2025
- Volume: 5
- Pages: 415–426
- DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomedchemau.5c00040
- Instrument used: openQCM Sensors

## Abstract

High Resolution Image Download MS PowerPoint Slide Galectin-1 (Gal-1) is a galactose-binding protein involved in various cellular functions. Gal-1’s activity has been suggested to be connected to two molecular concepts, which are, however, lacking experimental proof: a) enhanced binding affinity of Gal-1 toward membranes containing monosialotetrahexosylganglioside (GM 1 ) over disialoganglioside GD 1 a and b) cross-linking of GM 1 ’s by homodimers of Gal-1. We provide evidence about the specificity and the nature of the interaction of Gal-1 with model membranes containing GM 1 or GD 1 a, employing a broad panel of fluorescence-based and label-free experimental techniques, complemented by atomistic biomolecular simulations. Our study demonstrates that Gal-1 indeed binds specifically to GM 1 and not to GD 1 a when embedded in membranes over a wide range of concentrations (i.e., 30 nM to 20 μM). The apparent binding constant is about tens of micromoles. On the other hand, no evidence of Gal-1/GM 1 cross-linking was observed. Our findings suggest that cross-linking does not result from sole interactions between GM 1 and Gal-1, indicating that in a physiological context, additional triggers are needed, which shift the GM 1 /Gal-1 equilibria toward the membrane-bound homodimeric Gal-1.

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