# Airborne emissions from combustion of graphene nanoplatelet/epoxy composites and their cytotoxicity on lung cells via air-liquid interface cell exposure in vitro

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- Authors: Woranan Netkueakul, Savvina Chortarea, Kornphimol Kulthong, Hao Li, Guangyu Qiu, Milijana Jović, Sabyasachi Gaan, Yvette Hannig, Tina Buerki‐Thurnherr, Peter Wick, Jing Wang
- Journal: NanoImpact
- Year: 2022
- Volume: 27
- Pages: 100414
- DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2022.100414
- Instrument used: openQCM Wi2

## Abstract

Graphene nanoplatelet (GNP) as a nanofiller improves the mechanical strength, electrical conductivity, and flame retardancy of the polymers significantly. With an increasing number of GNP-reinforced products, a careful safety assessment is needed to avoid social and economic setbacks. However, no study has addressed the effects of combustion-generated emissions from GNP-reinforced products in the lung, the most sensitive exposure route to airborne particles. Therefore, we studied the influence of GNP as a nanofiller on the emitted particles and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and cytotoxicity of the emissions from the combustion of pure epoxy (EP) and GNP-reinforced epoxy (EP-GNP). GNP was not detected in the airborne emissions. PAHs were found in airborne particles of both emissions from EP and EP-GNP, with some differences in their concentrations. A first hazard assessment was performed on human alveolar epithelial cells exposed to the airborne emissions at air-liquid interface conditions. At 24 h and 96 h after the exposure, similar responses were observed between EP and EP-GNP except an acute transient decrease in mitochondrial activity after exposure to the emissions from EP-GNP. Both emissions from EP and EP-GNP had no acute effects on membrane integrity, cell morphology or expression of anti-oxidative stress markers (*HMOX1* and *SOD2* genes). Meanwhile, both emissions induced the activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (*CYP1A1* gene) and a transient (pro-) inflammatory response (MCP-1), but the effects between EP and EP-GNP were not significantly different.

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